Current and potential technology partners in South America

1. National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA)

Date	12 September 2024 (Thursday)
Time	08h30-12h00
Location	National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA)
Address	INIA La Estanzuela. R.50 km 11, CP 70000. Colonia. Uruguay.
Objective	To present the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) and its main research contributions to the soybean production system in Uruguay, as well as to introduce the Protein Research Foundation to INIA's soybean researchers.
Contacts	Carlos Rossi Rodriguez Agr. Eng. (MSc.) Innovation and Communication Manager (crossi@inia.org.uy) Sergio Ceretta Soria Agr. Eng. (MSc.) Principal Referent Researcher (sceretta@inia.org.uy)

Overview of INIA

INIA is Uruguay's principal agency for agricultural research and development. Established in 1989, INIA plays a crucial role in enhancing the productivity and sustainability of the country's agricultural sector.

INIA is governed by a board of directors, which includes representatives from the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture, and Fisheries, as well as from both commercial and small-scale farmers' associations. This governance structure ensures that research priorities align with the needs of the agricultural community.

INIA's research encompasses a wide range of areas, including:

• Crops: Development of new crop varieties and management practices.
• Crops: Development of new crop varieties and management practices.
• Pastures and Forages: Enhancing forage quality and management techniques.
• Forestry: Sustainable management practices for forestry resources.

The institute has released numerous crop varieties, contributing significantly to the agricultural landscape. For instance, between 2007 and 2013, INIA introduced 132 new crop varieties across various commodities, including wheat, rice, and fruits.

INIA's funding comes from multiple sources, including government allocations tied to agricultural production, voluntary contributions from farmers, and income generated through research services. This diversified funding model helps mitigate financial risks associated with fluctuating agricultural markets.

The institute collaborates closely with farmers and agro-industrial sectors to ensure that research output is practical and beneficial. This collaboration is facilitated through regional advisory councils that include local agricultural representatives.

INIA has been instrumental in positioning Uruguay as a significant player in global agriculture. It supports the development of high-quality crops that meet international standards, particularly in sectors like rice, where Uruguay ranks as one of the world's largest exporters. The institute's focus on innovation and adaptation has helped enhance the competitiveness of Uruguayan agriculture in international markets.

Summary and outcomes of meeting

In the agricultural sector of Uruguay, several critical challenges and innovations are shaping the future of farming, particularly in response to environmental pressures. The future of agriculture in Uruguay is significantly influenced by environmental factors, with a strong focus on improving soil quality, drought and reducing emissions.

Crop Management Practices

One prominent approach is the integration of beef cattle into soybean farming systems. This method not only enhances soil health through natural fertilization but also diversifies income sources for farmers. By rotating cattle grazing with soybean crops, farmers can improve pasture quality while simultaneously benefiting from the nutrient cycling that livestock provide.

The Uruguayan government has implemented a mandatory crop rotation plan known as the Soil Use and Management Plan (SUMP), initiated in 2013. This policy aims to mitigate soil erosion and promote sustainable land use practices. Farmers are required to rotate their crops to maintain soil health and reduce the risk of pest and disease buildup.

Approximately three-quarters of Uruguayan farmers practice double cropping (1.6 – 1.7 crops on average per year), where winter crops like wheat or barley and canola are followed by summer crops such as soybeans. This system maximizes land use efficiency and allows farmers to capitalize on favorable growing conditions throughout the year. However, the challenges of producing two crops per year are noted, particularly that the winter crop must complete its life cycle early enough without compromising establishment of the summer crop. Diverse crop rotations have gained popularity, particularly with double cropping possibilities in some parts, with canola being produced as part of winter crop rotations while soybeans are grown during summer. Planting canola before soybeans helps break pest and disease cycles and improve soil structure. Research indicates that soybeans planted after canola can yield 10 to 15 percent more than those planted following other crops.

No-till farming is widely adopted in Uruguay due to its benefits in reducing soil erosion and improving moisture retention. This method aligns with the government's goals under the SUMP, as it minimizes disturbance to the soil structure and enhances its biological activity.

Technologies such as satellite remote sensing are being utilized to promote better crop rotation practices and mitigate soil erosion risks. This method allows for effective certification of crop rotations while ensuring adherence to sustainable agricultural practices.

Rhizobium

In Uruguay, the use of Rhizobium inoculants is a common practice for enhancing soybean production, primarily through seed treatment. While in-furrow applications are known to yield better results, they are not widely adopted due to a lack of available machinery and technology. The government regulates the introduction of new Rhizobium strains, permitting only those that have been proven to outperform existing local strains. As a result, most soybean producers utilize similar strains across different companies. Typically, nitrogen fertilizers are not applied, although potassium deficiencies are often observed in the soil. This regulatory framework and the emphasis on seed treatment underscore the importance of effective nitrogen fixation in maintaining soil health and optimizing soybean yields in Uruguay's agricultural landscape.

Pest, weeds and disease management strategies

In Uruguay, soybean crops face several key diseases that can significantly impact yield and quality. Sclerotinia is a prevalent issue, particularly during periods of high humidity, as it affects various plant parts, leading to wilting and decay. Phytophthora stem canker is another serious concern. While soybean rust is present, it is primarily an issue in specific areas and does not pose a widespread threat across the country. Uruguay has not reported significant problems with Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS).

Due to the nature of these diseases, late season spraying for disease control is generally discouraged because the returns on investment diminish as the growing season progresses. Instead, farmers commonly employ seed treatments with fungicides before planting, which have proven effective in reducing disease incidence and promoting healthier crop establishment. Fungicides during the actively-growing season are also used.

The introduction of herbicide resistant Amaranth through imported machinery has led to significant weed management challenges. Some amaranth populations have multiple herbicide resistance.

In Uruguay, a significant portion of soybean cultivation incorporates a refuge strategy, with approximately 20-25% of the planted area designated as refuge for non-Bt soybean varieties. This practice is essential for managing pest resistance, particularly against lepidopteran pests. By planting non-Bt soybeans in proximity to Bt varieties, farmers can help maintain a population of susceptible insects that mate with resistant ones, thereby delaying the development of resistance in pest populations. The complexity of this setup is crucial, as it ensures that the refuge areas are strategically located to maximize their effectiveness. This approach not only supports integrated pest management but also contributes to the sustainability of soybean production in the region.

Soybean seed technology and germplasm sources

Don Mario is a significant player in the soybean seed market in Uruguay, but it is not the sole source of certified seeds. Approximately 10-11% of the agricultural area utilizes new certified seeds, including Intacta varieties. One Intacta RR2 Pro soybean variety is recognized for its superior genetic traits in Uruguay, where it has demonstrated outstanding performance compared to other cultivars. While Intacta soybean cultivars were initially effective against key pests, some insects have begun to develop resistance, reducing their efficiency in certain regions. In northern areas, stinkbugs have emerged as a more pressing issue compared to bollworms, highlighting the need for ongoing pest management strategies.

Additionally, the HB4 technology has not yet been implemented in Uruguay due to a lack of robust evidence supporting its effectiveness. Nonetheless, drought has emerged as a significant concern, prompting local breeders to collaboration with Chinese for transgenic technology to develop new cultivars that incorporate this trait. While progress is being made, further research and development are necessary.

Corteva Agriscience's Enlist technology, which includes Enlist E3® soybeans, is set to play a significant role in Uruguay's agricultural landscape. This technology offers farmers advanced weed control options and tolerance to multiple herbicides, including 2,4-D, glyphosate, and glufosinate. The Enlist system is designed to help manage tough-to-control broadleaf weeds and grasses, providing a robust solution for soybean producers as they face increasing challenges from herbicide-resistant weed populations. As regulatory reviews progress, the introduction of Enlist technology in Uruguay is anticipated to enhance crop management practices and improve yields for local farmers.

In Uruguay, seed size is generally not a concern for soybean producers. Many farmers prefer smaller seeds, as they yield more seeds per kilogram, allowing for better planting density and uniform crop establishment.

The Uruguayan Association for Plant Breeders' Protection (URUPOV)

Contacts:

• Diego Risso
  Executive Director: URUPOV
  drisso@urupov.org.uy
• Victoria Stewart
  Operational Manager: URUPOV
  victoria@urupov.org.uy

The Uruguayan Association for Plant Breeders' Protection (URUPOV) plays a pivotal role in the country's seed industry, focusing on the protection of plant breeders' rights (PBRs) and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Established to support the research, development, production, and marketing of new plant varieties, URUPOV is instrumental in fostering innovation within the agricultural sector.

The Uruguayan Association for Plant Breeders' Protection (URUPOV) plays a pivotal role in the country's seed industry, focusing on the protection of plant breeders' rights (PBRs) and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Established to support the research, development, production, and marketing of new plant varieties, URUPOV is instrumental in fostering innovation within the agricultural sector.

Key Services Provided by URUPOV:

1. Protection of Plant Breeders' Rights:

   URUPOV is dedicated to enforcing PBRs, ensuring that breeders can secure royalties from their innovations. This legal framework encourages investment in the development of new varieties, which is crucial for enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability.

2. Royalty Collection Mechanisms:

   The association implements fair royalty collection systems that support breeders financially while promoting the creation of new plant varieties. This ensures that breeders receive compensation for their contributions to the seed industry.

3. Collaboration with Regulatory Bodies:

   URUPOV works closely with the National Seed Institute (INASE) and other regulatory agencies to ensure compliance with national and international seed standards. This collaboration helps maintain high-quality seed production and provides assurance to farmers regarding seed performance.

4. Support for Research and Development:

   By facilitating partnerships between public and private sectors, URUPOV encourages research initiatives that lead to the introduction of improved plant varieties. This includes trials and evaluations conducted by INIA (National Institute for Agricultural Research) to assess new genetics under local conditions.

5. Training and Education:

   URUPOV provides educational resources and training programs for farmers and industry stakeholders, focusing on best practices in seed production and management. This knowledge transfer is vital for enhancing the overall quality of seeds available in Uruguay.

6. International Collaboration:

   As a member of international organizations such as UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants), URUPOV aligns its practices with global standards, facilitating international trade in seeds and ensuring compliance with international regulations.

7. Promoting Sustainable Practices:

   URUPOV advocates for sustainable agricultural practices that enhance environmental stewardship while supporting economic growth in the seed sector. This includes promoting agroecological practices among farmers to ensure long-term viability.

2. Bioceres

Date	12 September 2024 (Thursday)
Time	11h00-13h00
Location	Bioceres Head Office
Address	Ocampo 210 bis, S2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
Objective	The objective of this meeting is to discuss the advancements and regulatory developments related to Bioceres' agricultural biotechnology innovations, particularly focusing on the HB4 drought-tolerant soybean and its implications for sustainable farming practices.
Contacts	Rufino de la Torre QAQC & STW Lead Predio CCT – Ocampo 210 Bis Rosario – Santa Fe – Argentina Cell: + 54 9 341 6 752172 Tel: +54 2477-409400 Dr Martin Mariani Ventura Global Seeds & Traits Manager Ocampo Nº 210 Bis,Predio CCT Rosario – Argentina Cell: +54 9 341-6054152 Tel: +54 2477-409400

Background

Annual Revenue USD465 million 11% growth despite challenging market conditions. HB4 wheat has been approved for cultivation in the United States of America, the largest wheat producer in the Americas. This is the fourth country in the world to give approval for production after Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.

Bioceres is a prominent Argentine biotechnology company that focuses on developing innovative solutions for agriculture. Established in 2001, it specializes in crop productivity enhancements through biotechnology, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and microbial solutions. Bioceres is particularly known for its work in areas like drought resistance and pest management, which are increasingly important in the context of climate change.

The company has also been involved in various partnerships and collaborations aimed at advancing agricultural technologies and improving food security. Bioceres aims to support sustainable farming practices and help farmers increase yields while minimizing environmental impact.

Boceres Crop Solutions is a company focused on providing innovative agricultural solutions to enhance crop productivity and sustainability. They typically offer products and services that improve soil health, pest management, and crop performance. Their approach often involves integrating advanced technologies, such as biotechnology and precision agriculture, to help farmers optimize yields while minimizing environmental impact.

Soybean seed

Bioceres Semillas, a subsidiary of Bioceres Crop Solutions, specializes in developing and marketing high-performance soybean seeds. They focus on improving traits like drought tolerance, pest resistance, and overall yield potential through advanced breeding techniques and biotechnology.

Their soybean varieties often cater to the needs of farmers in various regions, adapting to specific environmental conditions. The company is known for promoting sustainable agriculture by enhancing crop resilience and reducing the need for chemical inputs.

Bioceres is actively involved in utilizing new breeding techniques (NBTs) to enhance crop varieties and improve agricultural productivity. These techniques often include methods such as gene editing, marker-assisted selection, and other bio­technological approaches that allow for precise modifications in plants without the introduction of foreign DNA.

Bioceres use of New Breeding Techniques (NBT)

Gene Editing
Techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 enable targeted changes to the plant genome, allowing for the development of traits such as disease resistance or improved stress tolerance.

Marker-Assisted Selection
This method uses genetic markers to select for desirable traits in breeding programs more efficiently than traditional methods.

Improved Crop Traits
Through these techniques, Bioceres aims to develop crops with enhanced characteristics, such as better yield, drought resistance, and nutrient efficiency.

Regulatory Framework
Bioceres is also engaged in discussions about the regulatory landscape surrounding NBTs, advocating for a framework that recognizes the benefits and safety of these advanced techniques.

Sustainability Goals
The focus on sustainable agriculture is central to Bioceres' mission, as NBTs can help create crops that require fewer inputs and are more resilient to environmental changes.

These innovations are part of Bioceres' broader commitment to advancing agricultural bio­technology and supporting farmers in meeting the challenges of modern agriculture.

HB4 Soybeans

Bioceres HB4 soybeans are a genetically modified variety developed by Bioceres Semillas that is designed to be tolerant to drought and certain herbicides. The HB4 technology allows these soybeans to maintain productivity even under water-stressed conditions, making them particularly valuable in regions facing water scarcity.

The HB4 trait enhances the plant's ability to cope with environmental stress, which can lead to improved yields for farmers. This innovation is part of Bioceres' broader commitment to sustainable agriculture, aiming to increase food production while minimizing resource use.

Bioceres HB4 is a genetically modified soybean developed by Bioceres that is notable for its drought tolerance. The HB4 technology enables soybeans to better withstand water scarcity, which is increasingly important given the impacts of climate change on agricultural practices.

Drought Tolerance
HB4 soybeans are engineered to maintain yield under conditions of limited water availability, allowing farmers to grow soybeans in areas prone to drought.

Increased Yield
By improving resilience to stress conditions, these soybeans can help farmers achieve higher yields compared to non-modified varieties during periods of water stress.

Sustainability
The technology promotes sustainable agriculture by potentially reducing the need for irrigation, conserving water resources, and minimizing crop failures.

Regulatory Approval
HB4 soybeans have received regulatory approvals in several countries, facilitating their com­mercialization and use by farmers.

Bioceres continues to conduct research and development in this area, aiming to expand the benefits of biotechnology in agriculture.

Rhizobacter

Bioceres Rhizobacter is a division of Bioceres Crop Solutions focused on developing and mar­keting biological products that enhance plant growth and health through beneficial rhizobacteria. These products aim to improve soil health, increase nutrient uptake, and boost overall crop productivity.

Biological Inoculants
They offer formulations that introduce beneficial bacteria to the rhizosphere, promoting plant growth and resilience.

Sustainability
The products are designed to reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, aligning with sustainable agriculture practices.

Research and Development
Bioceres invests in R&D to develop new strains and formulations that can address specific agricultural challenges, such as nutrient deficiencies or soil degradation.

Partnerships
They often collaborate with agricultural institutions and farmers to optimize their products for local conditions and crop varieties.

It is understood that Bioceres have a relationship with MBFI in South Africa which have assisted in bringing Rhizobater to the South African market.

Moolec

Moolec Science is a biotechnology company focused on developing sustainable food solutions, particularly in the area of plant-based proteins. Their innovative approach includes using advanced genetic engineering techniques to enhance the nutritional and functional properties of plant ingredients.

Moolec aims to address global food challenges by producing high-quality proteins that can replace or supplement traditional animal-based proteins, catering to the increasing demand for plant-based diets. The company is dedicated to sustainability, seeking to minimize the environmental impact of food production while enhancing food security.

Bioceres Moolec Food Science is a joint venture between Bioceres and Moolec Science focused on developing innovative solutions in the food sector, particularly in plant-based protein production. The collaboration aims to create sustainable and high-quality food ingredients through advanced biotechnology.

Their work often involves enhancing the nutritional profile of plant proteins, making them more accessible and appealing to consumers, and addressing the growing demand for sustainable food sources. This initiative aligns with trends toward healthier diets and sustainable agriculture.

Bioceres in South Africa

Bioceres has been actively expanding its presence in South Africa, focusing on the agricultural sector. The company aims to introduce its innovative solutions, including its HB4 drought-tolerant soybean varieties, to help local farmers increase productivity and resilience against climate challenges.

In South Africa, Bioceres seeks to collaborate with local agricultural stakeholders, research institutions, and farmers to promote sustainable farming practices and improve crop yields. Their approach emphasizes the use of biotechnology and advanced agricultural techniques to enhance food security in the region.

The South African government approved the GM variety HB4 for wheat but is since receiving stiff opposition.

The effectiveness of HB4 in the opinion of most the stakeholders we interacted with in South America still needs a verdict and it is very difficult to show the conclusive benefit under various conditions.

Conclusion

Information indicates that no major germplasm supplier of soybeans such as Don Mario will have HB4 available as a technology choice. Furthermore, it is difficult to preserve the integrity of HB4 once commercially released in South Africa given the farm saved seed prevalence. Bioceres have their own germplasm and seed varieties that could include HB4 that will be released in South Africa after completion of registration process. The performance of these cultivars should be monitored carefully.

3. COFCO

COFCO International stands as the world's largest agricultural company by asset value, with a robust mission to feed the world responsibly and sustainably. With an impressive turnover of $53 billion, COFCO employs 11,651 individuals across 37 countries, showcasing its extensive global reach. The company plays a pivotal role in the agricultural sector, trading approximately 127 million tons of commodities annually, which includes essential products such as grains, oilseeds, sugar, coffee, and cotton. This vast network not only connects farmers to over 50 consumer markets but also emphasizes COFCO's commitment to sustainable practices and food security. As the global population continues to rise, COFCO International is dedicated to addressing the challenges of food production while minimizing environmental impact and fostering community well-being.

COFCO Timbúes

The Rosario hub concentrates 80% of Argentines soybean crush capacity or 165 800 tons per day (56 million tons per annum), total Argentine 70 million tons per annum.

• Juan Jose Rosso – Head Production / Director Biodiesel
• Jamie Acuno – Soybean meal trader
• Martias Ferreccio – Soybean meal trader

The soybean crush facilities in Timbúes, Argentina, are vital to the country's agricultural infra­structure. COFCO's facility, in particular, processes large volumes of soybeans into oil and meal, playing a crucial role in the global supply chain. In addition, a significant biodiesel production facility is located on the premises.

Production Capacity
The facility has a substantial crushing capacity of over 4000 tons per day (1,46 million tons per annum) making it one of the largest in the region can receive 1200 soybean trucks per day (±40 000 tons).

Product Output
It produces high-quality soybean oil and meal, essential for animal feed and cooking oil and biodiesel.

Logistics
Located near the Paraná River, it has excellent access for shipping, facilitating both domestic distribution and international exports. Storage capacity of 800 000 tons grains and soya. Handles 3 million tons products per annum. Fertilizer berth with storage of 90 000 tons.

Sustainability
Many operations are increasingly focusing on sustainable practices to minimize environmental impact.

Also visited:

• Truck reception and grading – 1200 trucks per day
• Soybeans graded with parameters

Laboratory:

• Soybeans are tested for Chlorophyl to detrmine % green beans (possible spoilage of oil).
• Cresol red is the only measure of soybean processing quality with a urease check once per month.

Daily Lab Analysis Report

Plant Name: TIMBUES
Line Production N: 1, SEMILLA SOJA BLEND HP (ARG+PY+UY)
Date: 02/10/2024
OIL SEEDS TO PROCESS	GOAL RANGE
Soybean Moisture (%)	< 12,50
Soybean Fat (%)	> 18,50
Soybean Protein (%)	> 32,50
Soybean Foreign Matter (%)	< 1,00
Soybean Green Beans (%)	< 10,00
Soybean Damaged (%)	< 5,00

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Green soybeans

With green beans values < 10% we ensure that we meet the chlorophyll specification in the oil that you can see below:

• CLOROFILA (ppm) = < 4 (mercado local)
• CLOROFILA (ppm) = < 13,5 (para exportación)

4. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEOAC), Tucumán

Date	13 September 2024 (Friday)
Time	11h00-17h00
Location	Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEOAC)
Address	Av. William Cross 3150, (T4101XAC) - Las Talitas, Tucumán, R. Argentina.
Objective	To discuss the EEOAC and its research contributions to the agricultural pro­duction systems in Tucumán, particularly focusing on sustainable practices and innovations in soybean management. Additionally, to explore collaboration possibilities between the PRF and the EEOAC. The focus will be on enhancing knowledge exchange and collaboration that can significantly improve soybean production and other agricultural initiatives in South Africa from learnings from the Tucumán region.
Contacts	Dr. Ing. Agr. L. Daniel Ploper Director Técnico Phone: +54-381-4521000 / 4521031 Mobile (work): +54-9-381-4692721 Mobile (personal): +54-9-381-6784777 E-mail: dt@eeaoc.org.ar / danielploper@gmail.com Web: www.eeaoc.gob.ar

Background

The Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEOAC) in Tucumán, Argentina, serves as a key research and development center focused on agricultural innovation and sustainability. Established to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of regional agriculture, EEOAC plays a vital role in supporting local farmers through scientific research, technical assistance, and the promotion of sustainable practices. The station conducts extensive studies on various crops, particularly sugarcane, which is a significant agricultural product in the region.

EEOAC's mission encompasses not only improving crop yields but also addressing environmental challenges associated with agricultural practices. By implementing sustainable farming tech­niques and promoting the responsible use of resources, EEOAC aims to foster a resilient agricultural sector that can adapt to changing climatic conditions. The facility collaborates with local universities, government agencies, and private sector partners to disseminate knowledge and best practices among farmers.

In addition to its research initiatives, EEOAC is actively involved in community engagement, ensuring that the benefits of its work extend beyond the laboratory to improve the livelihoods of local agricultural communities. Through training programs and workshops, EEOAC empowers farmers with the skills and knowledge necessary to implement innovative solutions that enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Overall, EEOAC stands as a cornerstone of agricultural advancement in Tucumán, committed to fostering sustainable practices that benefit both farmers and the environment.

Summary and outcomes of the meeting

(Presentations included in Appendix A)

Grains crops programme: Presentation by Ing. Jose Sanchez

The presentation focused on enhancing the productivity of key grain crops in a specific region through sustainable agronomic practices and innovative technologies. Key objectives of the programme include:

• Productivity Improvement: Developing technologies for effective agronomic management to ensure sustainability from environmental, economic, and social perspectives.
• Cultivar Development: Creating new crop varieties that are well-suited to local agroecological conditions, emphasizing disease tolerance and high yield potential.
• Crop Diversification: Identifying alternative grain crops to diversify agricultural production.

Programme overview:

• Crops Covered: Soybean, wheat, corn, pulses (beans, chickpeas, etc.), and other grains.
• Research Areas:
  • Plant Breeding
  • Agronomic Management
  • Weed Management
  • Soil & Plant Nutrition
  • Remote Sensing and GIS
  • Phytopathology and Entomology
• The program has successfully integrated interdisciplinary approaches to manage plant health issues, optimize production systems, and provide ongoing recommendations to producers through various knowledge transfer methods.

Programme on Soil and Plant Nutrition: Presentation by Ing. Agustin Sanzano

The presentation addressed the critical aspects of soil and plant nutrition in the Tucuman region, focusing on nutrient availability and sustainable agricultural practices. The presentation under­scored the importance of sustainable soil management practices in promoting agricultural productivity while ensuring environmental health. It advocates for balanced fertilization, crop rotation, and cover crops as essential strategies for enhancing soil quality and crop yields in the region. Key highlights include:

• Nutrient Assessment
  Evaluating nutrient availability in soils and the potential response of crops to fertilization.
• Soil Characteristics
  Describing the soil profile in Tucumán, which predominantly features silty loam with low organic matter and moderate pH levels.
• Key findings:
  • Soil Degradation Indicators
    Identifying parameters such as organic carbon, biological activity, and aggregate stability that indicate soil health.
  • Fertilization Trials
    Presenting data on the effects of various fertilization strategies on soybean yield and protein content, demonstrating the importance of balanced fertilization.
  • Crop Rotation and Cover Crops
    Advocating for diverse cropping systems to enhance soil health and productivity.
  • Nutrient Balances
    Emphasizing the need for nutrient replacement strategies to maintain soil fertility over time.

Pest Management and Plant Pathology Lab: Presentation by Te. Alejandro Vera

The presentation focused on "Soybean Research Lines" and specifically addressing soybean diseases in Northwestern Argentina. The distribution, prevalence, and importance of soybean diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses across different locations in Northwestern Argentina were shown:

• Specific Disease Focuses
  • Asian Soybean Rust (ASR)
    First detected in March 2024, ASR outbreaks since 2003/2004 have been documented. Locations affected include Los Pereyra, Cruz Alta, Taruca Pampa, Antilla, San Lorenzo, Laguna de Robles, and Villa Padre Monti among others. Weekly reports detail the phenological stage, estimated incidence percentage, and severity percentage for each location where ASR was found.
  • Frogeye Leaf Spot (FLS)
    Screening reactions of soybean cultivars against natural infections show varying degrees of resistance. Cultivars like CZ 6505 RR, CZ 5923 RR STS, DM 60K60 SCE, DM 64K64 SCE, CZ 6522 RR, and ACA 70a70 have shown resistance to FLS.
  • Charcoal Rot Field Screening
    The severity of charcoal rot is assessed. Various genotypes were tested with some showing moderate susceptibility while others demonstrated moderate or high levels of resistance against this pathogen.

Soy value chain: Presentation by Daniela Perez

The presentation focuses on the soybean value chain in Argentina, highlighting its significant contributions to the economy, employment, and sustainability. Key contributions included:

• Economic Impact
  The soybean complex generates approximately $23 billion in export revenue, accounting for 30% of Argentina's total exports. It contributes 3.5% to the national GDP, with the majority of this value (90%) coming from primary production.
• Employment
  The soybean sector supports over 404,000 jobs, representing about 2.5% of total employment in Argentina and one in every nine agro-industrial jobs.
• Production and Exports
  Argentina is a leading player in the global soybean market, with forecasts indicating a recovery in crush and exports to 40 million metric tons (MMT) and 7.3 MMT, respectively. The country is set to regain its position as the largest soymeal exporter globally.
• Biodiesel Industry
  The presentation emphasizes Argentina's advanced biodiesel industry, particularly con­cen­trated near the port of Rosario. The European Union has recognized the country's soybean products for meeting high environmental standards.
• Sustainability Initiatives
  The presentation discusses potential sustainability measures, including carbon capture and regenerative agriculture practices that enhance biodiversity and resilience against climate change.

Weed management: Presentation by Lic. Sebastian Sabete

The presentation focused on herbicide resistance and weed management.

• Evolution of Resistance
  The presentation detailed the timeline of herbicide resistance in various weed species in Argentina, starting from 1986 with Avena fatua and including notable species like Lolium rigidum and Amaranthus hybridus. Each species was associated with specific Modes of Action (MOAs) and herbicides used over the years.
• The main objectives of the work on weeds are to identify troublesome species, determine herbicide tolerance/resistance, study weed biology and management options, evaluate tools across crops and conditions, develop diverse strategies, improve application technologies, and ensure effective transfer of sustainable practices.
• The key species and challenges include managing herbicide-resistant weeds like glyphosate- resistant Sorghum halepense and Amaranthus spp., with a focus on resistant biotypes in corn and grain crops, as well as controlling invasive species such as Tithonia tubaeformis.
• Management strategies include short-term solutions like tank-mixing herbicides to control resistant weeds, especially A. palmeri, and long-term approaches aimed at reducing selection pressure on glyphosate-resistant biotypes through effective scouting, infestation prevention, and maintaining manageable weed populations.

Biotechnology: Presentation by Mariano Pardo

The presentation on biotechnology focused on advancements in agricultural practices, particularly in soybean breeding and pest management. Here is a summary of the key points:

• Molecular Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is used to enhance genetic diversity and control hybridization, aiming to stack resistance against multiple diseases in new soybean varieties, specifically targeting resistance to soybean stem canker, frogeye leaf spot, and sudden death syndrome.
• High-throughput phenotyping is used to assess plant yields under drought stress through greenhouse and field assays, with a strong emphasis on statistical validation to ensure the accuracy of findings.
• Gene discovery and genome sequencing focus on identifying new molecular markers and genes, including Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), to enhance genetic mapping and improve soybean varieties.
• The presentation highlighted the patenting of compounds from biotechnological advance­ments, emphasizing their commercialization and practical application in agriculture.

5. Visit to Embrapa Soybean

Date	17 September 2024 (Tuesday)
Time	08h30-12h00
Location	Embrapa Soja (Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/nº Acesso Orlando Amaral, Distrito de Warta – Londrina, PR, Brazil)
Objective	To present Embrapa Soja and the main research contributions to the soybean production system in Brazil and to present the Protein Research Foundation to Embrapa's Soybean researchers.
Contacts	Leandro E C Diniz PhD Genetic and Breeding, Embrapa International Affairs Norman Neumaier Eco Physiology, Embrapa Soybean Embrapa Soybean International Affairs Leandro E C Diniz (leandro.diniz@embrapa.br/ (43) 3371.6231) Norman Neumaier (norman.neumair@embrapa.br/ (43) 3371.6237)

Background on Embrapa Soyabean

Brazil is the world's largest soybean producer, and Embrapa has significantly contributed to the growth and competitiveness of the Brazilian soybean industry since its creation in 1973. Embrapa Soybean, officially known as Embrapa Soja, is part of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Cor­po­ration and serves as the key research and development center focused on soybean cultivation. The organization is dedicated to advancing agricultural practices and technologies.

Embrapa Soybean has played a crucial role in developing high-yield, disease-resistant soybean varieties, promoting sustainable farming practices, and enhancing soil and crop management techniques.

Embrapa Research

Key areas of Embrapa research are:

• Genetic Improvement
  Developing new soybean varieties that are high-yielding, pest-resistant, and tolerant to en­vironmental stressors.
• Pest and Disease Management
  Researching integrated pest management strategies and developing resistant cultivars to minimize losses from diseases and pests.
• Soil Fertility and Management
  Improving soil health through sustainable practices, crop rotation, and nutrient management.
• Sustainable Agriculture
  Promoting environmentally friendly farming techniques, including conservation tillage and agroecological practices.
• Climate Resilience
  Studying the effects of climate change on soybean production and developing strategies to mitigate these impacts.
• Technological Innovation
  Exploring precision agriculture technologies and data management to enhance productivity and efficiency in soybean farming.
• Market Development
  Conducting economic studies to support farmers and stakeholders in making informed decisions.

Genetic Improvement

Genetic improvement programs for soybean focus on developing new varieties that enhance productivity, resilience, and sustainability.

• Variety Development
  Embrapa works on breeding high-yielding soybean varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases, such as soybean rust and root-knot nematodes.
• Diversity Utilization
  The program leverages genetic diversity from both wild relatives and traditional varieties to introduce beneficial traits into modern cultivars.
• Stress Tolerance
  Research includes developing varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, helping farmers adapt to changing climatic conditions.
• Molecular Breeding
  The integration of molecular markers and genomic selection speeds up the breeding process, allowing for more precise selection of desired traits.
• Quality Improvement
  Embrapa also focuses on improving the nutritional quality of soybeans, including oil and protein content, to meet market demands.
• Sustainable Practices
  Embrapa promotes varieties that contribute to sustainable agricultural practices, including reduced need for chemical inputs and improved soil health.

The competitiveness of soybean production can be enhanced by these initiatives while at the same time enhancing sustainable practices.

New breeding technologies

New breeding technologies are globally being explored to improve and enhance soybean pro­duction, Embrapa have been actively pursuing and exploring these technologies, these tech­nologies below are some of the activities:

• Genomic Selection: Using advanced genomic tools to identify desirable traits in soybean varieties, enabling faster and more efficient breeding processes.
• CRISPR and Gene Editing: Employing CRISPR technology to edit specific genes for traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance, allowing for precise modifications without intro­ducing foreign DNA.
• Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): Utilizing molecular markers linked to specific traits to accelerate the breeding process and improve the accuracy of selecting superior plants.
• Hybrid Breeding: Developing hybrid varieties that combine desirable traits from different parent lines, leading to improved yield and resilience.
• Phenotyping Technologies: Implementing high-throughput phenotyping methods, including drones and imaging technology, to assess plant traits more efficiently.
• Sustainable Practices: Integrating breeding efforts with sustainable agricultural practices to ensure that new varieties contribute to environmental and economic sustainability.

Pest and Disease Management

Research and technology is conducted by Embrapa on pest and disease management in order to improve productivity and sustainability. Below are some of the focus areas.

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
  Embrapa promotes IPM strategies that combine biological, cultural, and chemical methods to control pests while minimizing environmental impact.
• Resistant Varieties
  The development of soybean varieties that are resistant to common pests and diseases, such as soybean rust, aphids, and root-knot nematodes, is a major focus.
• Monitoring and Forecasting
  Embrapa conducts research on pest monitoring systems and forecasting models to help farmers anticipate and manage outbreaks effectively.
• Biological Control
  Research includes the use of natural enemies, such as parasitoids and predators, to control pest populations.
• Cultural Practices
  Embrapa promotes practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, and proper field sanitation to reduce pest pressure and improve soil health.
• Education and Training
  Providing resources and training for farmers on pest and disease identification, management techniques, and the importance of biodiversity in pest control.
• Chemical Management
  While promoting sustainable practices, Embrapa also conducts studies on the safe and effective use of pesticides when necessary, ensuring compliance with regulations.

Soil Fertility Management

Improving soil health and optimizing nutrient use in the cultivation and production of soybeans. Embrapa are active in this field below are some of the focus areas.

• Soil Testing and Analysis
  Embrapa emphasizes the importance of regular soil testing to determine nutrient levels and pH, helping farmers make informed decisions about fertilization.
• Nutrient Management Plans
  Development of tailored nutrient management plans based on soil tests, crop requirements, and local conditions to ensure balanced fertilization.
• Organic Matter Enhancement
  Promoting practices like cover cropping and the use of organic fertilizers to increase soil organic matter, improve structure, and enhance nutrient retention.
• Precision Agriculture
  Utilizing technologies such as GPS and remote sensing to optimize fertilizer application, reducing waste and environmental impact while improving crop yields.
• Crop Rotation
  Encouraging crop rotation with legumes and other crops to improve soil fertility and disrupt pest and disease cycles.
• Research on Fertilizer Types
  Investigating the efficacy of different types of fertilizers, including controlled-release and micronutrient-enriched options, to improve nutrient availability.
• Sustainable Practices
  Promoting conservation agriculture practices that maintain soil cover and reduce erosion, which also contribute to long-term soil fertility.

Sustainable Agriculture

Promoting sustainable agriculture is one of Emrapas objectives while at the same time minimizing the impact on the environment and improving productivity. Below are some of the initiatives.

• Agroecology
  Embrapa promotes agroecological practices that integrate ecological principles into agricultural systems, focusing on biodiversity, soil health, and water conservation.
• Conservation Tillage
  Encouraging minimal tillage practices to reduce soil erosion, improve moisture retention, and enhance soil organic matter.
• Crop Rotation and Diversification
  Advocating for crop rotation and intercropping to enhance soil fertility, break pest cycles, and increase resilience against climate change.
• Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems (ICLF)
  Researching and promoting systems that integrate crops, livestock, and forestry to optimize land use and improve biodiversity.
• Water Management
  Developing strategies for efficient water use, including rainwater harvesting and irrigation management, to support sustainable farming in varying climatic conditions.
• Organic Farming
  Supporting the development and certification of organic soybean and other crops, focusing on reducing chemical inputs and enhancing ecosystem health.
• Research and Education
  Conducting research on sustainable practices and providing training and resources for farmers to adopt these methods effectively.
• Climate Resilience
  Developing and promoting practices that help farmers adapt to climate variability, including planting climate-resilient crop varieties.

Climate resilience

Enhancing climate resilience in agriculture has become a focus area globally research initiatives in this field are important and Embrapa are actively involved. Below are some of the focus areas.

• Drought-Tolerant Varieties
  Developing and breeding soybean varieties that can withstand periods of low water availability, helping farmers cope with drought conditions.
• Stress Adaptation Research
  Conducting studies to understand how soybeans respond to various environmental stresses, including heat, drought, and salinity, and identifying genetic traits that contribute to resilience.
• Soil and Water Conservation
  Promoting practices such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and efficient irrigation systems to maintain soil moisture and improve water retention.
• Agroforestry Systems
  Integrating trees with crops to enhance biodiversity, improve microclimates, and increase resilience against climate extremes.
• Climate-Smart Agriculture
  Advocating for practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions while increasing productivity, such as optimizing fertilizer use and improving livestock management.
• Training and Capacity Building
  Providing farmers with resources and education on climate adaptation strategies, enabling them to implement resilient agricultural practices.
• Monitoring and Forecasting
  Utilizing technology and data analysis to monitor climate patterns and predict impacts on agricultural productivity, helping farmers make informed decisions.
• Collaborative Research
  Working with international partners and local institutions to share knowledge and develop innovative solutions for climate resilience in agriculture.

Technological innovation

Technological innovation is required to improve productivity, sustainability and farming practice efficiency, Embrapa are actively involved in technological innovation, below are some of the activities.

• Precision Agriculture
  Utilizing GPS, remote sensing, and data analytics to optimize farming practices, improve resource management, and increase crop yields.
• Genomics and Breeding Technologies
  Implementing genomic selection and CRISPR gene editing to develop high-yielding, disease-resistant crop varieties more efficiently.
• Biotechnology
  Researching biopesticides and biofertilizers to reduce chemical inputs and promote sustainable practices while maintaining high productivity.
• Digital Platforms
  Developing mobile apps and online tools to provide farmers with real-time data on weather, soil health, and pest management, enhancing decision-making.
• Automation and Robotics
  Exploring the use of drones and robotic systems for tasks such as planting, monitoring crops, and applying inputs more precisely.
• Integrated Systems
  Promoting integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems that utilize technology to optimize resource use and improve farm productivity.
• Climate Adaptation Technologies
  Researching technologies that help farmers adapt to climate change, including drought-resistant varieties and efficient irrigation systems.
• Sustainable Practices
  Innovating in conservation agriculture techniques that enhance soil health and reduce environmental impact.

Market development

Embrapa plays a significant role in market development for Brazilian agriculture, particularly in the soybean sector. Market development for soybeans plays a significant role in agriculture both locally and on the export market. Below are some of Embrapa's activities in this field.

• Market Research and Analysis
  Conducting studies on market trends, consumer preferences, and demand for soybeans and related products to help farmers and stakeholders make informed decisions.
• Value Chain Development
  Promoting the integration of different stakeholders in the soybean value chain, from production to processing and marketing, to enhance efficiency and profitability.
• Trade and Export Promotion
  Supporting initiatives to improve Brazil's competitiveness in global soybean markets, including participation in trade missions and international fairs.
• Quality Standards and Certification
  Assisting producers in meeting quality standards and obtaining certifications that enhance marketability, such as organic or sustainability certifications.
• Innovation in Product Development
  Encouraging research into new soybean-based products and technologies that can open up new markets and increase value-added opportunities.
• Capacity Building
  Providing training and resources to farmers and cooperatives on marketing strategies, negotiation skills, and branding to enhance their market presence.
• Collaboration with Industry
  Partnering with private sector stakeholders, including agribusinesses and cooperatives, to develop strategies that address market challenges and opportunities.
• Sustainability and Traceability
  Promoting sustainable practices that not only enhance environmental stewardship but also meet the growing consumer demand for traceable and responsibly sourced products.

International exchange and collaboration

International exchange and collaboration enhance soybean research and development. Embrapa is actively involved below are some of the activities.

• Research Partnerships
  Collaborating with international research institutions, universities, and agricultural organi­zations to share knowledge, resources, and technologies in soybean breeding and cultivation.
• Knowledge Sharing
  Participating in global conferences, workshops, and seminars to exchange best practices and innovations in soybean production and sustainable agriculture.
• Technology Transfer
  Facilitating the transfer of Brazilian agricultural technologies to other countries and adapting foreign technologies to Brazilian conditions.
• Capacity Building
  Offering training programs and resources for international researchers and farmers, promoting knowledge exchange on sustainable practices and advanced breeding techniques.
• Market Development
  Engaging in initiatives to promote Brazilian soybeans in global markets, enhancing trade relationships and export opportunities.
• Sustainability Initiatives
  Collaborating on international sustainability projects that focus on reducing environmental impacts and improving food security.
• Climate Adaptation Research
  Working with global partners to address the challenges of climate change on soybean production through joint research and innovation efforts.

Presentations by Embrapa Soybean

We were privileged enough to attend a number of presentations by Embrapa researchers, these are listed in the days programme below. Presentations are included in Annexure B.

08h30-09h00	Welcome and institutional presentation Adilson de Oliveira Junior, Deputy head of Adminstration at Embrapa Soja
09h00-09h30	Presentation about Protein Research Foundation Dr. Erhard Briedenhann and Prof. Pieter Swanepoel
09h30-10h00	Presentation about Soil Management and Inoculants Marco Antonio Nogueira, researcher at Embrapa Soja
10h00-10h20	Presentation about Fertility Fábio Alvares de Oliveira, researcher at Embrapa Soja
10h20-10h40	Presentation about Seed quality and technology Fernando Henning, researcher at Embrapa Soja
10h40-11h00	Presentation about Soybean diseases and management Rafael Moreira Soares, researcher at Embrapa Soja
11h00-12h00	Discussion on possible partnerships and Closing Roberta Aparecida Carnevalli Monteiro, Deputy head of Research and Development at Embrapa Soja

Future collaboration between Embrapa and Protein Research Foundation

Embrapa are extremely interested in collaboration with the Protein Research foundation, this is part of their global model and rekindling our relationship will suit them. Collaboration is aligned with as previously discussed between the two organisations:

1. Embrapa researchers to present at Protein Research Foundation Symposia in South Africa on specific topics
2. Visits of Researchers to Embrapa (internship of 1 year)
3. University collaboration (via PRF with Embrapa)
4. Post doctorate's at Embrapa
5. Explore the advantage of the BRICS relationship
6. Explore the Canola research that Embrapa are involved in

This was in our opinion the best potential collaborator visited and recommend we forged ahead with this relationship on a consistent basis starting with our Soybean Symposia in conjunction with the OAC next year.

6. GDM Seeds

GDM Seeds is a prominent agricultural company that specializes in the research, development, and commercialization of high-quality seeds, particularly for soybean and corn cultivation. Founded in 1996, GDM has established itself as a key player in the global seed market.

45% of the world's soybean production is made with GDM technology. GDM is genetically orientated, this is the focus of their business.

We were privileged to be shown all the biotechnology laboratories including gene editing and the process by which they select for disease resistance. They are originally an Argentine company that has gone global with their head office now in Brazil.

They are of the opinion that Germplasm is the main contributor to improvements in yields while technology, although important, improves agronomic practices but has a very low contribution to yields.

It was indeed a privilege to be shown the laboratories that are working on GDM latest tech­nologies.

• Research and Development:
  • GDM invests heavily in R&D to develop new seed varieties that are high-yielding, disease-resistant, and well-adapted to various environmental conditions. The company employs advanced breeding techniques, including biotechnology and traditional methods, to enhance crop performance
• Soybean Product Portfolio
  • GDM Seeds is particularly recognized for its extensive range of soybean varieties. Their soybean portfolio includes genetically improved seeds designed to maximize yield potential and resilience against pests and diseases. GDM's soybeans are developed to perform in diverse climatic conditions, making them suitable for various regions and farming practices. The company focuses on varieties that meet specific market needs, such as those for oil and meal production, as well as varieties optimized for specific growing conditions and agronomic practices.
• Global Presence
  • GDM Seeds has expanded its operations internationally, reaching markets in several regions, including:
    • South America: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
    • North America: The United States and Canada.
    • Africa: South Africa and Zimbabwe.
    • Asia: Selected markets, including India and China.
  • GDM collaborates with local agricultural partners in these regions to ensure that its seeds are suited to regional agricultural practices, particularly for soybean cultivation.
• Sustainability:
  • GDM emphasizes sustainable agricultural practices. The company’s initiatives aim to minimize environmental impact while maximizing crop yield and quality. This includes promoting integrated pest management, soil conservation techniques, and developing soybean varieties that require fewer inputs.
• Technical Support
• GDM Seeds provides technical support and expertise to farmers, helping them optimize the use of their soybean products. This includes agronomic advice, training, and resources to improve farming practices, ensuring that farmers can effectively cultivate and manage their soybean crops.